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In Hindu cosmology the universe is cyclically created and destroyed in the timespan of 8.64 billion years. Deeply rooted in Hindu literature including Vedas and Puranas, it is believed time is divided into four epochs or Yuga, of which we occupy the final. In roughly 432,000 years the final Avatar Kalki will end time. Shiva destroys all this existence while creating a new existence. Time starts over. Hindu cosmology also describe the aspects of evolution, astronomy, astrology, creation etc. ==Description== The Hindu cosmology and timeline is considered by some the closest to modern scientific timelines and even more which might indicate that the Big Bang is not the beginning of everything, but just the start of the present cycle preceded by an infinite number of universes and to be followed by another infinite number of universes. The Rig Veda questions the origin of the cosmos in: "Neither being (sat) nor non-being was as yet. What was concealed? And where? And in whose protection?…Who really knows? Who can declare it? When was it born, and when came this creation? The devas were born later than this world's creation, so who knows from where it came into existence? None can know from where creation has arisen, and whether he has or has not produced it. He who surveys it in the highest heavens, He alone knows-or perhaps does not know." (Rig Veda 10. 129)〔"Upanishads: Gateways of Knowledge", p. 10, by M. P. Pandit, publisher = Lotus Press〕 The Rig Veda's view of the cosmos also sees one true divine principle self-projecting as the divine word, ''Vaak'', 'birthing' the cosmos that we know, from the monistic ''Hiranyagarbha'' or Golden Womb. The universe is considered to constantly expand since creation and disappear into a thin haze after billions of years. An alternate view is that the universe begins to contract after reaching its maximum expansion limits until it disappears into a fraction of a millimeter. The creation begins anew after billions of years (Solar years) of non-existence. The puranic view asserts that the universe is created, destroyed, and re-created in an eternally repetitive series of cycles. In Hindu cosmology, a universe endures for about 4,320,000,000 years (one day of Brahma, the creator or one ''kalpa'') and is then destroyed by fire or water elements. At this point, Brahma rests for one night, just as long as the day. This process, named ''pralaya'' (literally ''especial dissolution'' in Sanskrit, commonly translated as ''Cataclysm''), repeats for 100 Brahma years (311 Trillion, 40 Billion Human Years) that represents Brahma's lifespan. Brahma is regarded as a manifestation of Brahman as the creator. In current occurrence of Universe, we are believed to be in the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 156 trillion years have elapsed since he was born as Brahma. After Brahma's "death", it is necessary that another 100 Brahma years (311 Trillion, 40 Billion Years) pass until a new Brahma is born and the whole creation begins anew. This process is repeated again and again, forever. Brahma's day is divided in one thousand cycles ''(Maha Yuga'', or the Great Year). ''Maha Yuga'', during which life, including the human race appears and then disappears, has 71 divisions, each made of 14 ''Manvantara'' (1000) years. Each ''Maha Yuga'' lasts for 4,320,000 years. ''Manvantara'' is Manu's cycle, the one who gives birth and governs the human race. before & after each manvantara there's a sandhikal as long as krutyuga & in that time there is all water on earth. Each ''Maha Yuga'' consists of a series of four shorter ''yugas'', or ages. The ''yugas'' get progressively worse from a moral point of view as one proceeds from one ''yuga'' to another. As a result, each ''yuga'' is of shorter duration than the age that preceded it. The current ''Kali Yuga'' (Iron Age) began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar (Year 6898 of the Holocene Era.) kalpa=ahoratra of brahma. Space and time are considered to be ''maya'' (illusion). What looks like 100 years in the cosmos of Brahma could be thousands of years in other worlds, millions of years in some other worlds and 311 trillion and 40 billion years for our solar system and earth. The life span of Lord Brahma, the creator, is 100 'Brahma-Years'. One day in the life of Brahma is called a Kalpa or 4.32 billion years.〔Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, Arkana, 1967 p. 253〕〔http://books.google.com/books?id=QIvnxhasdGoC&pg=PA6&dq=hindu+cosmology&lr=&ei=g23qSeXaOIG4M9Sz6OkN#PPA8,M1 Time Scales and Environmental Change, Chapman and Driver, p.8〕 Every Kalpa creates 14 Manus one after the other, who in turn manifest and regulate this world. Thus, there are fourteen generations of Manu in each Kalpa. Each Manu's life (Manvantara) consists of 71 Chaturyugas (quartets of Yugas or eras).〔Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, Arkana, 1967 p. 254〕 Each Chaturyuga is composed of four eras or Yugas: Satya, Treta, Dwapara and Kali.〔 If we add all manvantaras(4320000x71x14), as long as 4 chaturyuga will be missing because sandhikaal after and before each manvantara (so 15 sandhikaal). The span of the Satya Yuga is 1,728,000 human years, Treta Yuga is 1,296,000 human years long, the Dwapara Yuga 864,000 human years and the Kali Yuga 432,000 human years.〔Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, Arkana, 1990 p. 254〕 When Manu perishes at the end of his life, Brahma creates the next Manu and the cycle continues until all fourteen Manus and the Universe perish by the end of Bramha's day. When 'night' falls, Brahma goes to sleep for a period of 4.32 billion years, which is a period of time equal one day (of Brahma) and the lives of fourteen Manus. The next 'morning', Brahma creates fourteen additional Manus in sequence just as he has done on the previous 'day'. The cycle goes on for 100 'divine years' at the end of which Brahma perishes and is regenerated. Bramha's entire life equals 311 trillion, 40 billion years. Thus a second of Brahmā is 98,630 years. Once Brahma dies there is an equal period of unmanifestation for 311 trillion, 40 billion years, until the next Bramha is created. During one life of Brahma there are 504 000 Manus (Vedic "Adams") are changing, there are 5040 Manus are changing during one year of Brahma, and 420 Manus manifest during one month of Brahmā. (See: List of numbers in Hindu scriptures for more such numeric details). The present period is the ''Kali Yuga'' or last era in one of the 71 Chaturyugis (set of four Yugas/eras) in the life one of the fourteen Manus. The current Manu is said to be the seventh Manu and his name is Vaivasvata.〔Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita Translation and Commentary, Arkana, 1967 p. 253〕 According to Aryabhata, the ''Kali Yuga'' began in 3102 BC, at the end of the ''Dvapara'' Yuga that was marked by the disappearance of Krishna Aryabhata's date is widely repeated in modern Hinduism. The beginning of the new ''Yuga'' (era) is known as "Yugadi/Ugadi", and is celebrated every year on the first day (Paadyami) of the first month (Chaitramu) of the 12-month annual cycle. But this is a disambiguation for beginning of new year in lunisolar calendar followed by most Hindus. The Ugadi of 1999 begins the year 1921 of the Shalivahana era (5101 Kali Yuga, 1999 AD). The end of the Kali Yuga is 426,899 years from 1921. Overview of Yugas: #Satya Yuga (Krita Yuga):- 1,728,000 Human years #Treta Yuga:- 1,296,000 Human years #Dwapara Yuga:- 864,000 Human years #Kali Yuga:- 432,000 Human years (as of 2015, 5,117 years have passed; 426,883 years remain). ''Kaliyuga'' started in 3102 B.C. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hindu cosmology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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